Famous People of the 2. Century. You could make a list a mile long of all the famous people of the 2. But a few names stand out, giants of fame and celebrity who changed the course of history that rise to the top. Here are seven uber- famous names of the 2. They all reached the pinnacle. Neil Armstrong was the commander of Apollo 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDICINE. By Tim Lambert. MEDICINE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD. Medicine among Primitive Peoples. The first evidence of surgery is skulls from the stone age.NASA mission to put a man on the moon. Armstrong was that man, and he took those first steps on the moon on July 2. His words echoed through space and down the years: . He was a soldier, a politician and a riveting orator. As the prime minister of Britain during the dark days of World War II, helped the British people keep the faith and stay the course against the Nazis through the horrors of Dunkirk, the Blitz and D- Day. ![]() He spoke many famous words, but perhaps none more than these, delivered to the House of Commons on June 4, 1. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. ![]() We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender. He built his first gasoline- powered . The rest, as they say, is history. Ford was the first to use an assembly line and standardized parts, revolutionizing manufacturing and American life forever. Ford died in 1. 94. Glenn was the first American to orbit the Earth on Feb. After his stint with NASA, Glenn was elected to the U. S. Senate and served for 2. He died in December 2. Kennedy, the 3. 5th president of the United States, is remembered more for the way he died than the way he governed as president. He was known for his charm, his wit and sophistication - - and his wife, the legendary Jackie Kennedy. But his assassination in Dallas on Nov. The country shuddered from the shock of the killing of this young and vital president, and some say it was never again quite the same. JFK was 4. 6 years old when he lost his life so violently that day in Dallas in 1. Martin Luther King Jr. History of technology - The 20th century: Recent history is notoriously difficult to write, because of the mass of material and the problem of distinguishing the. Search the Poetry Foundation's archive of over 3.800 poets featuring Robert Frost, Emily Dickinson, Gertrude Stein, Walt Whitman, Langston Hughes, William Wordsworth. Contrary to popular opinion there never was a country called Greece or Hellas until the Revolution of 1821. When rebellion against the Ottoman Empire gave birth to. He was a Baptist minister and activist who spurred African- Americans to rise up against the Jim Crow segregation of the South with nonviolent protest marches. One of the most famous is the March on Washington in August 1. Civil Rights Act of 1. King's famous . King was assassinated in April 1. Memphis; he was 3. Roosevelt was president of the United States from 1. Great Depression, until he died in April 1. World War II. He led the American people through the two most trying periods of the 2. His famous . It was during his first Inaugural Address that he said these now- famous words. In respect to the recent history of technology, however, one fact stands out clearly: despite the immense achievements of technology by 1. The airplane, the rocket and interplanetary probes, electronics, atomic power, antibiotics, insecticides, and a host of new materials have all been invented and developed to create an unparalleled social situation, full of possibilities and dangers, which would have been virtually unimaginable before the present century. In venturing to interpret the events of the 2. The years 1. 90. 0 to 1. World Wars, while those since 1. The dividing point is one of outstanding social and technological significance: the detonation of the first atomic bomb at Alamogordo, N. M., in July 1. 94. There were profound political changes in the 2. It may be an exaggeration to regard the 2. American century,” but the rise of the United States as a superstate was sufficiently rapid and dramatic to excuse the hyperbole. ![]() ![]() ![]() It was a rise based upon tremendous natural resources exploited to secure increased productivity through widespread industrialization, and the success of the United States in achieving this objective was tested and demonstrated in the two World Wars. Technological leadership passed from Britain and the European nations to the United States in the course of these wars. This is not to say that the springs of innovation went dry in Europe. Many important inventions of the 2. But it was the United States that had the capacity to assimilate innovations and take full advantage from them at times when other countries were deficient in one or other of the vital social resources without which a brilliant invention cannot be converted into a commercial success. As with Britain in the Industrial Revolution, the technological vitality of the United States in the 2. The two World Wars were themselves the most important instruments of technological as well as political change in the 2. The rapid evolution of the airplane is a striking illustration of this process, while the appearance of the tank in the first conflict and of the atomic bomb in the second show the same signs of response to an urgent military stimulus. It has been said that World War I was a chemists’ war, on the basis of the immense importance of high explosives and poison gas. In other respects the two wars hastened the development of technology by extending the institutional apparatus for the encouragement of innovation by both the state and private industry. This process went further in some countries than in others, but no major belligerent nation could resist entirely the need to support and coordinate its scientific- technological effort. The wars were thus responsible for speeding the transformation from “little science,” with research still largely restricted to small- scale efforts by a few isolated scientists, to “big science,” with the emphasis on large research teams sponsored by governments and corporations, working collectively on the development and application of new techniques. While the extent of this transformation must not be overstated, and recent research has tended to stress the continuing need for the independent inventor at least in the stimulation of innovation, there can be little doubt that the change in the scale of technological enterprises had far- reaching consequences. It was one of the most momentous transformations of the 2. In the process it assured technology, for the first time in its long history, a position of importance and even honour in social esteem. The 20th Century continued the trend of the 19th towards increasing generalization and abstraction in mathematics, in which the notion of axioms as “self-evident. During the 20th century there was a vast increase in the variety of music that people had access to. Prior to the invention of mass market gramophone records. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation (known as Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation with hyphen from 1935 until 1985 or simply known as Fox) is an American film. Fuel and power. There were no fundamental innovations in fuel and power before the breakthrough of 1. An outstanding development of this type was the internal- combustion engine, which was continuously improved to meet the needs of road vehicles and airplanes. The high- compression engine burning heavy- oil fuels, invented by Rudolf Diesel in the 1. World War I and was subsequently adapted to heavy road haulage duties and to agricultural tractors. Moreover, the sort of development that had transformed the reciprocating steam engine into the steam turbine occurred with the internal- combustion engine, the gas turbine replacing the reciprocating engine for specialized purposes such as aero- engines, in which a high power- to- weight ratio is important. Admittedly, this adaptation had not proceeded very far by 1. The theory of the gas turbine, however, had been understood since the 1. Sir Frank Whittle, then taking a flying instructor’s course with the Royal Air Force, combined it with the principle of jet propulsion in the engine for which he took out a patent in the following year. But the construction of a satisfactory gas- turbine engine was delayed for a decade by the lack of resources, and particularly by the need to develop new metal alloys that could withstand the high temperatures generated in the engine. This problem was solved by the development of a nickel- chromium alloy, and, with the gradual solution of the other problems, work went on in both Germany and Britain to seize a military advantage by applying the jet engine to combat aircraft. Gas- turbine engine. Test Your Knowledge. A Study of History: Who, What, Where, and When? The principle of the gas turbine is that of compressing and burning air and fuel in a combustion chamber and using the exhaust jet from this process to provide the reaction that propels the engine forward. In its turbopropeller form, which developed only after World War II, the exhaust drives a shaft carrying a normal airscrew (propeller). Compression is achieved in a gas- turbine engine by admitting air through a turbine rotor. In the so- called ramjet engine, intended to operate at high speeds, the momentum of the engine through the air achieves adequate compression. The gas turbine has been the subject of experiments in road, rail, and marine transport, but for all purposes except that of air transport its advantages have not so far been such as to make it a viable rival to traditional reciprocating engines. Petroleum. Britannica Lists & Quizzes. As far as fuel is concerned, the gas turbine burns mainly the middle fractions (kerosene, or paraffin) of refined oil, but the general tendency of its widespread application was to increase still further the dependence of the industrialized nations on the producers of crude oil, which became a raw material of immense economic value and international political significance. The refining of this material itself underwent important technological development. Until the 2. 0th century it consisted of a fairly simple batch process whereby oil was heated until it vaporized, when the various fractions were distilled separately. Apart from improvements in the design of the stills and the introduction of continuous- flow production, the first big advance came in 1. This process took the less volatile fractions after distillation and subjected them to heat under pressure, thus cracking the heavy molecules into lighter molecules and so increasing the yield of the most valuable fuel, petrol or gasoline. The discovery of this ability to tailor the products of crude oil to suit the market marks the true beginning of the petrochemical industry. It received a further boost in 1. By the use of various catalysts in the process, means were devised for still further manipulating the molecules of the hydrocarbon raw material. The development of modern plastics followed directly on this (see below. Plastics). So efficient had the processes of utilization become that by the end of World War II the petrochemical industry had virtually eliminated all waste materials. Electricity. All the principles of generating electricity had been worked out in the 1. The 2. 0th century witnessed a colossal expansion of electrical power generation and distribution. The general pattern has been toward ever- larger units of production, using steam from coal- or oil- fired boilers. Economies of scale and the greater physical efficiency achieved as higher steam temperatures and pressures were attained both reinforced this tendency. Experience in the United States indicates the trend: in the first decade of the 2. As the market for electricity increased, so did the distance over which it was transmitted, and the efficiency of transmission required higher and higher voltages. The small direct- current generators of early urban power systems were abandoned in favour of alternating- current systems, which could be adapted more readily to high voltages. Transmission over a line of 1. California in 1. 90. Hoover Dam in the 1. The latter case may serve as a reminder that hydroelectric power, using a fall of water to drive water turbines, was developed to generate electricity where the climate and topography make it possible to combine production with convenient transmission to a market. Remarkable levels of efficiency were achieved in modern plants. One important consequence of the ever- expanding consumption of electricity in the industrialized countries has been the linking of local systems to provide vast power grids, or pools, within which power can be shifted easily to meet changing local needs for current. Atomic power. Until 1. Early research in nuclear physics was more scientific than technological, stirring little general interest. In fact, from the work of Ernest Rutherford, Albert Einstein, and others to the first successful experiments in splitting heavy atoms in Germany in 1. The war led the Manhattan Project to produce the fission bomb that was first exploded at Alamogordo, N. M. Only in its final stages did even this program become a matter of technology, when the problems of building large reactors and handling radioactive materials had to be solved. At this point it also became an economic and political matter, because very heavy capital expenditure was involved. Thus, in this crucial event of the mid- 2. Industry and innovation. There were technological innovations of great significance in many aspects of industrial production during the 2.
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